TPO 45 Task 1
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The passage states that a fossil found in nectar of an ancient tree which is very similar too Did bees. The fossil history has been estimated to 200 million years ago. Researchers are skeptical that the structure has been created by bees and they provide three reasons of support. On the other hand, the professor has an opposite notion and claims and refutes each the reasons.
First, the passage explains that the founded fossil is very old in comparison to the previous bees’ fossil which had been found. it is two times older. The professor challenges this reason by saying that the fossil has remained in a especial resin of an ancient tree which had been very rare 200 million years ago. Maybe this fossil of bees has remained by chance.
Second, the article states that no blossoming plants lived on earth 200 million years ago and the bees and flowering plant has a mutual relationship. The lecturer does not adopt this explanation and says that it is likely that earlier bees fed on the other plants such as firns or pine trees and after advent of flowers, an adaptation has occurred.
Third, the passage avers that the structure of the chambers has some deficiencies such as spiral caps so this structure is not similar to bees’ pattern. The professor refutes this reason as well. She said that bees protect their nest by an especial water proof substance which consists of a distinctive chemical component and this component is existed in the ancient fossil.
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| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
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| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
| 2019-12-03 | shatealabo1110 | 60 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 135, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...bees' fossil which had been found. it is two times older. The professor chall...
^^
Line 3, column 237, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... saying that the fossil has remained in a especial resin of an ancient tree which...
^
Line 7, column 255, Rule ID: EN_COMPOUNDS
Message: This word is normally spelled as one.
Suggestion: waterproof
... bees protect their nest by an especial water proof substance which consists of a distincti...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, may, second, so, third, well, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 23.0 30.3222958057 76% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1235.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 254.0 270.72406181 94% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.86220472441 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.99216450694 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.43037143528 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 131.0 145.348785872 90% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.515748031496 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 362.7 419.366225166 86% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 53.9152304178 49.2860985944 109% => OK
Chars per sentence: 95.0 110.228320801 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.5384615385 21.698381199 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.84615384615 7.06452816374 69% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0775526940972 0.272083759551 29% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0324177185784 0.0996497079465 33% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0142493390555 0.0662205650399 22% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.052750736345 0.162205337803 33% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00691175566287 0.0443174109184 16% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 69.11 53.8541721854 128% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.3 11.0289183223 75% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.91 12.2367328918 89% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.18 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 58.0 63.6247240618 91% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.