Invest in unmanned space exploration.
There are three assumptions which need addressing, first is the information acquired from unmanned space crafts more than manned crafts? Second, does the study compare manned and unmanned explorations on the same basis? Third, will investment in umanned space flight result in more information than every other possible method?
The argument mentions that 'a great deal of useful information' can be gathered, however for the argument to be valid this amount should be at least as much as that acquired through manned explorations, if information acquisition is to be one of the primary deciding factor along with risk and costs. It could be the case that manned exploration produce more relavent information though the quantity of data could be less than an unmanned exploration. Building on this argument even if a great deal of information is acquired but it is of no use then it would be a waste of resources and money to invest in unmanned space flights.
Though it is mentioned that there has been a series of success in unmanned space probes, the kind and depth of these explorations is not mentioned. For example it is true that unmanned trip to Mars will provide us information about the chemical compostion of atmosphere and soil, but in case of an open ended problem like exploration of uncharted regions, if possible, an unmanned craft could not be improvied on go to deliver imperative imformation. In such cases since the outcomes cannot be predicted the craft cannot be preprogrammed, deducing from this fact if such a craft is sent on mission it might get destroyed before sending any important information. On the hand if a manned craft is programmed primarily for safety and the infromation gathering part is left to humans, risk can be minimised and information acquisition increased. Thus depending on the intended objective and design manned and unmanned explorations should be compared differently, otherwise it might be the case that author is comparing apples and oranges to draw their conclusion. I this case again the investment could be a waste of resources.
To determine with certainty that investment in unmanned space flight should be made it should first be determined that the net benefits is greater than net costs of unmanned exploration is better than every other possible means. In case it is found that it is indeed the case then it would be wise to invest in unmanned exploration, if not the author's conlusion cannot be made with certainty and thus can be negated.
Based on the above arguments the author's assumptions could prove to be unwarranted, and thus a in depth analysis of these assumptions based on at least the mentioned instances should be undertaken, otherwise the proposal will have little chance of acceptance.
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Comments
Essay evaluation report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 4.0 out of 6
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 15 15
No. of Words: 458 350
No. of Characters: 2273 1500
No. of Different Words: 212 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.626 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.963 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.808 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 159 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 119 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 101 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 65 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 30.533 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 11.73 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.8 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.357 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.591 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.079 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 19, column 94, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...could prove to be unwarranted, and thus a in depth analysis of these assumptions ...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, second, so, then, third, thus, at least, for example, it is true
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 38.0 19.6327345309 194% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 24.0 12.9520958084 185% => OK
Conjunction : 14.0 11.1786427146 125% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 13.6137724551 73% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 29.0 28.8173652695 101% => OK
Preposition: 56.0 55.5748502994 101% => OK
Nominalization: 26.0 16.3942115768 159% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2328.0 2260.96107784 103% => OK
No of words: 458.0 441.139720559 104% => OK
Chars per words: 5.08296943231 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.62611441266 4.56307096286 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.89206707775 2.78398813304 104% => OK
Unique words: 211.0 204.123752495 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.460698689956 0.468620217663 98% => OK
syllable_count: 723.6 705.55239521 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 4.96107784431 40% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.76447105788 34% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 2.70958083832 148% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.67365269461 119% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 4.22255489022 95% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 19.7664670659 76% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 22.8473053892 131% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 69.3565345796 57.8364921388 120% => OK
Chars per sentence: 155.2 119.503703932 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5333333333 23.324526521 131% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.93333333333 5.70786347227 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 5.25449101796 19% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 8.20758483034 122% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 6.88822355289 44% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.67664670659 43% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.235460213488 0.218282227539 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.102651211052 0.0743258471296 138% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0758876613521 0.0701772020484 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.154387716591 0.128457276422 120% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0926418684241 0.0628817314937 147% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.8 14.3799401198 124% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.03 48.3550499002 85% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 7.1628742515 156% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 12.197005988 123% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.78 12.5979740519 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.4 8.32208582834 101% => OK
difficult_words: 95.0 98.500998004 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.5 12.3882235529 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 11.1389221557 126% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.9071856287 126% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.