Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called “cloud seeding,” has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms in water vapor that is close to the freezing point. However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
First of all, according to the passage, the result of lab experiments shows that the cloud seeding has played an effective role in protecting the crops from hail . On the other hand, the professor in the lecture argues that this way do help the corp from the hail.However, the chamical which was used in the experiment also can prevent other kinds of precipitation. That means, the rain and snow will all disappaer. TThis can lead to another damage to plants - lack of water.
Second,the author says that the evidences from Asian countries can verify the effectiveness of the cloud seeding. However, the lecturer challenges the reading by arguing that those resluts cannot be repeated in American farming region. This is because that the evidences from Asian countries are mainly from experiments conducted in urban area. However, in Asian cities, where the air pollution is serious；this may provide a favorable condition for the cloud seeding, since the particles in air pollution can interact with the chemical subatances from cloud seeding. While, in American unpolluted farming region, the favorable condition can no longer exist, which may cause the method no that effective.
Finall, in the reading, the study which was made in the local farming area shown that the cloud seeding has been effective in protecting the corps from the hail. But the professor takes a diiferent view that the result of cloud seeding could't be convincing. This is because increase in production not only in the pilot zone but also in the adjacent zone. This was due to the natural climate of the region, so there was no concern for cloud seeding.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 73 | view |
| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 76 | view |
| 2023-01-18 | nikki07hung | 78 | view |
| 2022-09-17 | Ibne Arabi | 76 | view |
| 2022-06-30 | ellen87713 | 90 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 162, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...e role in protecting the crops from hail . On the other hand, the professor in the...
^^
Line 1, column 265, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: However
...this way do help the corp from the hail.However, the chamical which was used in the exp...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 7, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , the
...amage to plants - lack of water. Second,the author says that the evidences from Asi...
^^^^
Line 2, column 685, Rule ID: NOW[2]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
...onger exist, which may cause the method no that effective. Finall, in the reading...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, may, second, so, while, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1362.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.0258302583 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63313662233 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.549815498155 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 412.2 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.289748325 49.2860985944 100% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.769230769 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8461538462 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.61538461538 7.06452816374 94% => OK
Paragraphs: 3.0 4.09492273731 73% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.166782709778 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0586734911952 0.0996497079465 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0381892322284 0.0662205650399 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.114618496785 0.162205337803 71% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.01565686751 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.89 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.59 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Minimum four paragraphs wanted. The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Less contents wanted from the reading passages(25%), more content wanted from the lecture (75%).
Don't need a conclusion paragraph.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.