TPO 40
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading states that it is unlikely that bees lived on the earth 200 million years ago because of three main reasons. The speaker, however, finds the idea dubouse and casts doubt on those reasons.
First of all, the reading claims that since no fossils of real bees have not been found from 200 million years ago, there were not existed then. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that for fossilizing the body of bees, the liquid is necessary which is produced by a kind of tree. there is the possibility that those tree were rare in that period of time, therefore, maybe bees existed that time but could not been fossilized.
Another issue that the reading maintains is that due to the fact that bees feed on flowering plants, and no flowering plants have been found from that time, bees have not existed before 125 million years ago. On the contrary, the speaker underlines the fact that bees could use non-flowering plants as food source then, and after the flowering plants were evolved enough, bees adapted to consuming them. Moreover, this relationship between bees and flowering plants were stabled.
Finally, the writer if the passage argues that although fossilized structures found in arizona are similar to modern bees' nests, there are some details that do not match. In contrast, the lecturer mentions that a chemical evidence have been found in the modern nest material which is waterproof. Additionally, the same chemical exists in the fossilized structurs of arizona nests. As a result, because both nests contain same content, we could say that bees have lived on the earth 200 million years ago.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
| 2020-01-10 | Opak Pulup | 70 | view |
| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
| 2019-12-03 | shatealabo1110 | 60 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 290, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: There
...ry which is produced by a kind of tree. there is the possibility that those tree were...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 349, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...ility that those tree were rare in that period of time, therefore, maybe bees existed that tim...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, however, if, may, moreover, so, then, therefore, in contrast, kind of, as a result, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1355.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 274.0 270.72406181 101% => OK
Chars per words: 4.94525547445 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0685311056 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.37988668244 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 143.0 145.348785872 98% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.521897810219 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 403.2 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.0365690574 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 112.916666667 110.228320801 102% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.8333333333 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.1666666667 7.06452816374 172% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.06348663817 0.272083759551 23% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0272085183562 0.0996497079465 27% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0209071776574 0.0662205650399 32% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0406111592574 0.162205337803 25% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.014118222986 0.0443174109184 32% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.73 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.01 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 57.0 63.6247240618 90% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.