Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading discusses a fascinating topic pertaining to finding the fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex's tissue (T.rex) and provides several reasons of support. In contrast, in the lecture, the professor believes that these reasons which have been mentioned in the reading are skeptical and opposes each of the author's reasons.
Firstly, the author of the reading says that by analyzing on the T.rex 's leg bone, we believe that small branching channels referre to the bone hollow which circulated the blood in the bone, also, the soft substanses demonstrated the remained blood vessels. However, the profossor explains that these evidence are due to function of bacteria and the soft substances are not blood. the professor says that after die the micro organisms make hollow in the bone and the trace of this function make the soft and smooth substances which are not remained blood vessels.
Furthermore, the author explains that the microscopic examination demonstrated the spheres which related to the red blood cells. In the lecture, the professor holds a view that the primitive animals never have circular blood and these evidence might be refered to the different origine.
Finally, the author points out that the analyzing on the T.rex's leg bone showed that they had collagen which is the main component of bone tissue. The professor explains that the collagen could not be remained for a long time let alone for a 70-million-year after finding the T.rex fossil; hence, this collagen is related to another sources such as human ( the skin of human has collagen) when they were collecting the fossil has remained there.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-10-19 | prem123 | 76 | view |
| 2018-10-18 | Munaim Hossain | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 382, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... and the soft substances are not blood. the professor says that after die the micro...
^^^
Line 7, column 355, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...related to another sources such as human the skin of human has collagen when they...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, firstly, furthermore, hence, however, if, so, in contrast, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1360.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 264.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15151515152 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03089032464 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62781616832 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 130.0 145.348785872 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.492424242424 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 410.4 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 29.0 21.2450331126 137% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 55.9856683601 49.2860985944 114% => OK
Chars per sentence: 151.111111111 110.228320801 137% => OK
Words per sentence: 29.3333333333 21.698381199 135% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.77777777778 7.06452816374 138% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0774732568264 0.272083759551 28% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0321090254636 0.0996497079465 32% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0378844036368 0.0662205650399 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0524386544949 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0314864558831 0.0443174109184 71% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.5 13.3589403974 131% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.04 53.8541721854 78% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.18 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.54 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 58.0 63.6247240618 91% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.6 10.498013245 130% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.