Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants.
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles
The passage discusses that researchers discovered a very old fossil structures that resembled bee nests. However, the passage states that there are many doubt the structure were created by bees and provides three reasons to support this. In contrast, the professor in the talk explains what said in the reading is incinvincing and rejects all these three reasons
Firs,t the text claims there are no remains of actuall bees that dated to 200 million years ago. While the professor exoplains that may be it is because 200 million years ago there were not trees with especial resin that it was necessary for fosilizing. So, because of the lacking of the resin the condition for fosilizing was not available. As a result, it is not a good reason to reject that these fosils are not related to actual bees.
Second, the reasing asserts that there is no sign of flowering plants 200 million years ago. Furthermore, the text explains that the mainly food for bees are available along side with flowering plants. However, the teacher rebuts this idea by describing that there is a chance that ancient bees used unflowering plantts to feed but after a lot of years by flourishing flower plants they have adapted to use flowering plants. So, the reason that mentioned in the text is impractical.
Third, the passaged believes while the fossilized structure that found in Arizona is similar to bee's nest, but also there are differences between them. The professor in the lecture rejects this by illustrating that researcher after many analysis detected a chemical ingridient that there are in fossils and also in modern bees. So, this similarity proves that these fossils are really related to ancient bees.
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| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
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| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
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- TPO 48 Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Because modern life is very complex it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize 67
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 149, Rule ID: MANY_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun doubt seems to be countable; consider using: 'many doubts'.
Suggestion: many doubts
...ever, the passage states that there are many doubt the structure were created by bees and ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 5, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , t
...nd rejects all these three reasons Firs,t the text claims there are no remains of...
^^
Line 2, column 133, Rule ID: MAY_BE[1]
Message: Did you mean 'maybe' (=perhaps)?
Suggestion: maybe
...ago. While the professor exoplains that may be it is because 200 million years ago the...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 168, Rule ID: ALONG_SIDE[1]
Message: Did you mean 'alongside'?
Suggestion: alongside
... the mainly food for bees are available along side with flowering plants. However, the tea...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, furthermore, however, if, may, really, second, so, third, while, in contrast, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1417.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 284.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98943661972 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10515524023 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.54308977312 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.514084507042 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 433.8 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.6945838172 49.2860985944 103% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.0 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.8461538462 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.69230769231 7.06452816374 109% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.297773640313 0.272083759551 109% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0996337101659 0.0996497079465 100% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0920151834932 0.0662205650399 139% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.161801324829 0.162205337803 100% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0334627319299 0.0443174109184 76% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.0 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.66 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.57 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.