Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The lecturer challenges the topic proposed in the reading that many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. She thinks it's possible that the fossilized structures were made by bees 200 million years ago and these skeptics are unconvincing.
First, the passage indicates that no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. However, the lecturer points out that the reason why no fossil remains of actual bees have been found may be bees cannot be well preserved. Because fossil must be created by a liquid from trees called rizon, which is pretty rare 200 million years ago, if there is no trees to produce rizon for fossil, bees cannot be reserved.
Second, the article mentions the absence of flowering plants 200 million years ago. But the professor argues that early bees might feed on non-flowering plants such as ferns and pinetrees. And after the non-flowering trees evolved into flowering trees, bees adapted to feed on flowering trees and the tendency became stable later.
Third, the essay supposes that the fossilized structures found in Arizona lack some of the finer details of bees' nests. Nevertheless, the professor supports that the chemical analysis proves that the structures were made by bees 200 million years ago. because the chemical composition of a kind of water-proof substance to prevent water utilized by modern bees is the same as the chemical compositoin of the substance in the fossilized organization, the fossilized structures might be made by bees 200 million years ago.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
| 2020-01-10 | Opak Pulup | 70 | view |
| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
| 2019-12-03 | shatealabo1110 | 60 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 375, Rule ID: THERE_S_MANY[4]
Message: Did you mean 'there are no trees'?
Suggestion: there are no trees
...s pretty rare 200 million years ago, if there is no trees to produce rizon for fossil, bees canno...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 80, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...ilized structures found in Arizona lack some of the finer details of bees nests. Neverthele...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 253, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Because
...ere made by bees 200 million years ago. because the chemical composition of a kind of w...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, may, nevertheless, second, so, third, well, kind of, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 13.0 22.412803532 58% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1308.0 1373.03311258 95% => OK
No of words: 256.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.109375 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.59776785475 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 127.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.49609375 0.540411800872 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 390.6 419.366225166 93% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.0865213821 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 118.909090909 110.228320801 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.2727272727 21.698381199 107% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.72727272727 7.06452816374 109% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.470916382222 0.272083759551 173% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.202267819344 0.0996497079465 203% => Sentence topic similarity is high.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0998515635806 0.0662205650399 151% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.276982920142 0.162205337803 171% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0853264900327 0.0443174109184 193% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.3 13.3589403974 107% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.65 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.29 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 57.0 63.6247240618 90% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.