TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task
Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The essay generally gives the idea that pterosaurs-which were an ancient group of winged reptiles, were unable to fly for three main reasons.On the other hand, the professor declines all three ones by explaining the recent research and challenging the ideas which the reading was based.
First, the reading acclaim that pterosaurs were cold-blooded like the modern reptiles so they couldn't provide the energy they needed to flight upwards which is also the reason why all modern vertebrates are warm-blooded. On the other side, the professor asserts that currently it was discovered that this animal have dense hair covering, something like fur, as the warm-blood animals so the assertion of reading would be ungrounded and therefore rejected and they will have enough metabolism and energy to fly.
Second, the reading suggests that due to this creature heavyweight, that was as big as a giraffe, they could not keep themselves airborne by powered flight. While, the lecturer said that their body is composed of unusually light weighted materials and their bones are hollow instead of solid; Thus, they were bright enough to fly and keep themselves airborne.
Utterly, the reading believes that this beast couldn't take off like birds, for their flight initiation because for taking off they need to have enough speed then jump which their feet weren't capable of taking off due to their weak muscles in the back of their legs. But the professor claims that it is not genuine to compare two uncomparable animals with each other birds and pterosaurs because birds have two legs for taking off on them while pterosaurs have for legs which gives them the power to takes of quickly and have the right speed for initiating a flight.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 142, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
...re unable to fly for three main reasons.On the other hand, the professor declines ...
^^
Line 1, column 194, Rule ID: ONES[1]
Message: Did you mean 'one's'?
Suggestion: one's
... hand, the professor declines all three ones by explaining the recent research and c...
^^^^
Line 2, column 95, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...looded like the modern reptiles so they couldnt provide the energy they needed to fligh...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 47, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...y, the reading believes that this beast couldnt take off like birds, for their flight i...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 185, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
...enough speed then jump which their feet werent capable of taking off due to their weak...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, second, so, then, therefore, thus, while, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1448.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 286.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06293706294 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11236361783 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50996351893 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.548951048951 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 426.6 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 40.0 21.2450331126 188% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 49.752858599 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 206.857142857 110.228320801 188% => OK
Words per sentence: 40.8571428571 21.698381199 188% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.0 7.06452816374 156% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.438914949617 0.272083759551 161% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.187072333744 0.0996497079465 188% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.062152409946 0.0662205650399 94% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.230879225567 0.162205337803 142% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0717154902594 0.0443174109184 162% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 22.8 13.3589403974 171% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 39.34 53.8541721854 73% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 17.7 11.0289183223 160% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.96 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.32 8.42419426049 111% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 10.7273730684 168% => OK
gunning_fog: 18.0 10.498013245 171% => OK
text_standard: 18.0 11.2008830022 161% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.