Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The reading passage and lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not it's possible to sustain a permanent human station on Venus. The article strongly postulates that it's impossible to maintain a human presence on Venus owing to the fact that the extreme conditions there. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that there are a lot of challenges of maintaining human station on Venus, but it's possible. In other words, it can be done by floating human station in the atmosphere at 15 km high.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, the Venus surface is subjected to very high pressure that would crush any spacecraft would land. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by declaring that the floating station is affected by lower pressure because it's 15 km above the surface. Subsequently, the pressure at 15 km hight equals the earth pressure.
The professor in the lecture further points out that the Venus atmosphere contains carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. Therefore, these chemical substances can be used to make water and oxygen. so the water and oxygen can be made from the atmosphere. These claims refute the writer implication of how water and oxygen can't be supplied from Venus planet.
The article lastly asserts that there is a thick layer of carbon dioxide filling the Venus atmosphere, thereby reflecting 60 percent of the sunlight. Moreover, power cells can't be used to generate electricity to power human equipment. The speaker in the lecture counters these points by insisting that there are no dense clouds at 15 km above Venus planet surface. However, the reflected sunlight plus the coming sunlight both can be used to generate electricity from power cells. As a result, there will be enough electricity.
- Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals. Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to th 80
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- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?When teachers assign projects on which students must work together, the students learn much more effectively than when they are asked to work alone on projects. 73
- Young people today have no influence on the important decisions that determine the future of society as a whole. 80
- A little over 2200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a “burning mirror”: a polished copper surface curved to focus t 66
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 65, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not its possible to sustain a permanent hum...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 193, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...s can be used to make water and oxygen. so the water and oxygen can be made from t...
^^
Line 5, column 317, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...ter implication of how water and oxygen cant be supplied from Venus planet. The a...
^^^^
Line 7, column 173, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
... of the sunlight. Moreover, power cells cant be used to generate electricity to powe...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, lastly, moreover, nonetheless, so, therefore, as a result, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1497.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 292.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.12671232877 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13376432452 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66457503626 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.537671232877 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 468.0 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 35.3172563168 49.2860985944 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.5625 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.25 21.698381199 84% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.0625 7.06452816374 100% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.279947828866 0.272083759551 103% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0876431813154 0.0996497079465 88% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0688963404323 0.0662205650399 104% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.152172858498 0.162205337803 94% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.102843644495 0.0443174109184 232% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.64 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.