Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called “cloud seeding,” has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms in water vapor that is close to the freezing point. However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
The reading passage proposes three different reasons as to why cloud seeding, which is a method to make the cloud produce harmless snow or rain, can reduce the cause of the damages from the hail. The lecturer opposes this and provides counterarguments for each point mentioned in the reading passage.
First, the reading passage states that the Laboratory experiments indicate that the silver iodide added into cold water vapor, creates light snow instead of hail. However, the lecturer argues that it might be true that silver iodide can turn hail into the snow. But it could also prevent all other forms of precipitation such as rain and snow. If cloud seeding is used in the farmland, it will cause drought and the crops won't get enough water to grow.
Second, the reading passage states that cloud seeding had has already been successfully controlled over precipitation in some Asia urban areas. However, the lecturer states that this success might not be able to duplicate in the United States. In the urban area, there has lots of pollution and it formed a favorable place for cloud seeding. In this case, cloud seeding might not be effective in the countryside which has lots of crops because there doesn't have enough pollutions for cloud seeding.
Lastly, according to the reading passage, local studies have directly monitored crop damage due to hail, it reveals that in the area where cloud seeding had been used, the damage of the crops had decreased. However, the lecturer states that this argument is not plausible at all. The hail in the eastern north of the area that the cloud seeding had used also decreased. Therefore, the reduction of hail damage might be caused by the natural weather variation rather than the cloud seeding.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 73 | view |
| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 76 | view |
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| 2022-09-17 | Ibne Arabi | 76 | view |
| 2022-06-30 | ellen87713 | 90 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 451, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...e which has lots of crops because there doesnt have enough pollutions for cloud seedin...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, lastly, second, so, therefore, as to, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1473.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.01020408163 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40711812902 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 151.0 145.348785872 104% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513605442177 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 441.9 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 40.6021639114 49.2860985944 82% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.214285714 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.42857142857 7.06452816374 77% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.244524243268 0.272083759551 90% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0884623707607 0.0996497079465 89% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0396580428433 0.0662205650399 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.154622379632 0.162205337803 95% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00353751929174 0.0443174109184 8% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.78 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.12 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 451, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...e which has lots of crops because there doesnt have enough pollutions for cloud seedin...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, lastly, second, so, therefore, as to, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1473.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.01020408163 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40711812902 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 151.0 145.348785872 104% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513605442177 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 441.9 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 40.6021639114 49.2860985944 82% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.214285714 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.42857142857 7.06452816374 77% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.244524243268 0.272083759551 90% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0884623707607 0.0996497079465 89% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0396580428433 0.0662205650399 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.154622379632 0.162205337803 95% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00353751929174 0.0443174109184 8% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.78 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.12 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.