The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.
"In a controlled laboratory study of liquid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of extra strength UltraClean hand soap produced a 40 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteria than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During our recent test of regular-strength UltraClean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown, the hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection (a 20 percent reduction) than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply UltraClean at all hand-washing stations, including those used by visitors, throughout our hospital system."
In the memo, the director of a large group of hospitals draws the conclusion that the new UltraClean hand soap with a concentrated solution that provides extra strength should be used at all hand-washing stations, including those used by visitors, throughout the hospital system. He draws this conclusion on the basis that this new hand soap produced a 40 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteria and also during a recent test showed that the hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection. However, for us to determine if this is in fact the right conclusion to be drawn from these observations we must answer these three questions first.
First of all, we cannot really rely on the result observed in a single hospital. It is a very small data set to determine or conclude that this in fact reduces the number of infections caused to the patients. We must also consider the fact that it is very likely that the observations were tinkered with to promote this handwash for commercial benefits. Not to mention, as in any study we must do a lot of experimentation first before concluding that something is viable. For instance, it could be the case that this hand soap shows the opposite results when used in some other hospitals. If this is the case then the soap could do more harm than good to the hospitals and their patients. Also, if this turns out to be true then the conclusion drawn by the director does not hold water.
Secondly, we haven't been provided any information on any side effects of this new hand soap solution to the people using it. As is generally the case a coin has two sides, the soap with increased concentration could damage the skin of the doctors and the people using this soap when they visit the hospital. For example, the hand soap may show a reduced number of infections spread and but who knows how this would affect the skin of the people using it on a regular basis over a period of time. It is imperative that we test this concentrated hand soap first on many different people and record if it has any harmful effects on the users. This is a fact that if it turns out to be true then we cannot confidently say that this is truly a reliable new alternative handwash.
Finally, we have not been given any numbers on how many infections spread to the patients on a normal basis. It is very likely that the number is very small like say 10 every 2 months, then a 20 percent decrease is just 8 people getting infected every two months. If we think about it, it is not that much, we could say that this soap is very effective if the number of infections spreading was very great in number. So, in order for us to conclude that yes it is a necessity at the moment as the number of infections spreading is high, we can surely consider the suggestion given by the director of the group of hospitals.
The argument that we must use this newly developed liquid hand soap in all the hospitals at all hand-washing stations including those used by the visitors as it stands now is flawed. If we want to firmly conclude that yes this idea is valid it must be able to answer the questions that have been stated above. Also, if we want to effectively evaluate this argument we must be provided with more evidence that can help us come to a more valid solution
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-08-27 | SanjanaB | 54 | view |
| 2023-08-03 | Ataraxia-m | 54 | view |
| 2023-02-08 | HSNDEK | 66 | view |
| 2022-09-29 | Ruthvik_542 | 58 | view |
| 2022-08-02 | aggy | 65 | view |
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 3 2
No. of Sentences: 22 15
No. of Words: 599 350
No. of Characters: 2662 1500
No. of Different Words: 247 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.947 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.444 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.506 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 158 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 114 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 94 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 50 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 27.227 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 7.236 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.864 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.326 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.527 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.231 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 90, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...pitals draws the conclusion that the new UltraClean hand soap with a concentrated...
^^
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...st answer these three questions first. First of all, we cannot really rely on t...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...n by the director does not hold water. Secondly, we havent been provided any in...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 19, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: haven't
...does not hold water. Secondly, we havent been provided any information on any si...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 485, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...ople using it on a regular basis over a period of time. It is imperative that we test this con...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 568, Rule ID: NUMEROUS_DIFFERENT[1]
Message: Use simply 'many'.
Suggestion: many
...st this concentrated hand soap first on many different people and record if it has any harmful...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...y a reliable new alternative handwash. Finally, we have not been given any numb...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 406, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: great
...number of infections spreading was very great in number. So, in order for us to conclude that ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 426, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... spreading was very great in number. So, in order for us to conclude that yes it ...
^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...he director of the group of hospitals. The argument that we must use this newly...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 188, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...he visitors as it stands now is flawed. If we want to firmly conclude that yes thi...
^^
Line 5, column 360, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... if we want to effectively evaluate this argument we must be provided with more e...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, may, really, second, secondly, so, then, for example, for instance, in fact, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 30.0 19.6327345309 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 17.0 12.9520958084 131% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 11.1786427146 63% => OK
Relative clauses : 23.0 13.6137724551 169% => OK
Pronoun: 77.0 28.8173652695 267% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 71.0 55.5748502994 128% => OK
Nominalization: 14.0 16.3942115768 85% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2709.0 2260.96107784 120% => OK
No of words: 598.0 441.139720559 136% => OK
Chars per words: 4.53010033445 5.12650576532 88% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.94510247834 4.56307096286 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.5568233766 2.78398813304 92% => OK
Unique words: 249.0 204.123752495 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.416387959866 0.468620217663 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 846.9 705.55239521 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.59920159681 88% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 13.0 4.96107784431 262% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 4.0 8.76447105788 46% => OK
Subordination: 7.0 2.70958083832 258% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 4.22255489022 71% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 22.0 19.7664670659 111% => OK
Sentence length: 27.0 22.8473053892 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.2285912032 57.8364921388 80% => OK
Chars per sentence: 123.136363636 119.503703932 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.1818181818 23.324526521 117% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.86363636364 5.70786347227 103% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 12.0 5.25449101796 228% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 15.0 8.20758483034 183% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 6.88822355289 44% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.67664670659 86% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.214146164635 0.218282227539 98% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0703375924688 0.0743258471296 95% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0837880201775 0.0701772020484 119% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.139233365091 0.128457276422 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.104521396675 0.0628817314937 166% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 14.3799401198 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.99 48.3550499002 126% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.1628742515 43% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 12.197005988 94% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 9.29 12.5979740519 74% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.8 8.32208582834 94% => OK
difficult_words: 107.0 98.500998004 109% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 11.1389221557 115% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.9071856287 67% => The average readability is low. Need to imporve the language.
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 58.33 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.5 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.