The following opinion was provided in a letter to the editor of a national aeronautics magazine:
“Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight."
The given passage is recommending investment in unmanned space flight as they do not have the costs and the risks concomitant with sending men and women into space while it has been shown that these unmanned flights can glean a large amount of useful data. The author makes several assumptions while arguing for this recommendation and while it may seem that the argument is cogent, it falls flat on a more detailed scrutiny.
The author first says that the manned space flights have an associated cost and danger but fails to quantify these costs and dangers and thus not giving a very clear picture about the scenario of manned space missions. The author later states that unmanned flights do not have these costs and risks, further obscuring the point. There is no clarity about the cost comparision of manned and unmanned space missions and as the author says unmanned space flighst do not have these associated cost, does the author mean that unmanned space flights are free? The author has also failed to clearly elucidate the risks associated with manned flights that are absent in unmanned flights.
The author goes on to say that unmanned space probes have been a recent success and that they can collect a lot of information. The author fails to exemplify how successful these unmanned missions are and what is the significane of "great deal of useful information". The passage also mentions of unmanned probes and satellites while giving no indication about the nature of the manned space missions, thus a clear cut comparision cannot be drawn about effectiveness of manned and unmanned space missions as no standard metrics have been provided.
The passage has also failed in providing a clear picture of the tasks achieved by manned and unmanned space missions and if they can be used interchangably, The passage leaves to assumption that all that can be done and achieved by a manned space mission can be done by an unmanned one as well. It does not provide information about exclusive missions that specifically require one kind of missions.
It would greatly support the plausibility of the argument if that author can provide metrics and statistics with a clear comparision of the costs and risks associated with manned and unmanned missions and how these can be traded off with the results found. If the author could conclude from numeric results that for findings and information of the same order, unmanned flights were cheaper and less riskier by a considerable degree, with exception of exclusive missions, the argument would be heavily supported.
It can be concluded that the passage has made several assumptions that are not so obvious in making its conclusion. These assumptions severly weaken the argument posited leaving room for a lot misconstruing. To strengthen the argument, the author should at least address the more indirect assumptions before setting the conclusion in stone.
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 16 15
No. of Words: 481 350
No. of Characters: 2399 1500
No. of Different Words: 195 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.683 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.988 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.602 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 174 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 130 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 85 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 43 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 30.062 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 12.341 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.688 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.398 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.671 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.141 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 6 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ls flat on a more detailed scrutiny. The author first says that the manned space...
^^^
Line 3, column 220, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... the scenario of manned space missions. The author later states that unmanned fligh...
^^^
Line 5, column 129, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... they can collect a lot of information. The author fails to exemplify how successfu...
^^^
Line 5, column 279, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...great deal of useful information'. The passage also mentions of unmanned probe...
^^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...o standard metrics have been provided. The passage has also failed in providing...
^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...tandard metrics have been provided. The passage has also failed in providing a ...
^^^
Line 9, column 395, Rule ID: LESS_COMPARATIVE[1]
Message: Non-standard use of the comparative or superlative. Did you mean 'less risky'?
Suggestion: less risky
...rder, unmanned flights were cheaper and less riskier by a considerable degree, with exceptio...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, if, may, so, then, thus, well, while, at least, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 19.6327345309 97% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 12.9520958084 108% => OK
Conjunction : 23.0 11.1786427146 206% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 15.0 13.6137724551 110% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 28.8173652695 115% => OK
Preposition: 48.0 55.5748502994 86% => OK
Nominalization: 14.0 16.3942115768 85% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2456.0 2260.96107784 109% => OK
No of words: 481.0 441.139720559 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.10602910603 5.12650576532 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.68313059816 4.56307096286 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.71784817621 2.78398813304 98% => OK
Unique words: 199.0 204.123752495 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.413721413721 0.468620217663 88% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 753.3 705.55239521 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 4.96107784431 101% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.76447105788 137% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 2.70958083832 37% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 4.22255489022 47% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 19.7664670659 81% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 22.8473053892 131% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 68.6401110412 57.8364921388 119% => OK
Chars per sentence: 153.5 119.503703932 128% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.0625 23.324526521 129% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.5625 5.70786347227 80% => OK
Paragraphs: 6.0 5.15768463074 116% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 5.25449101796 133% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 6.88822355289 116% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.67664670659 21% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.257089042691 0.218282227539 118% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0975885338273 0.0743258471296 131% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0811081077826 0.0701772020484 116% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.137610303383 0.128457276422 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0887612504728 0.0628817314937 141% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.7 14.3799401198 123% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.03 48.3550499002 85% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 12.197005988 123% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.95 12.5979740519 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.95 8.32208582834 96% => OK
difficult_words: 86.0 98.500998004 87% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 11.1389221557 126% => OK
text_standard: 18.0 11.9071856287 151% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.