"Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight."
The author concludes that we should invest only in unmanned project instead of manned space flight. And the author uses as evidence the fact that manned projects are costly and risky, and cites the recent success of unmanned projects. However, the author makes several major assumptions, which need to be reviewed before the decisionmaker can reach a conclusion.
Firstly, he author assumes that the cost of manned space flight is higher than unmanned, this assumption could however be faulty as even unmanned equipments such as telescopes require repairs and maintenance which are often accomplished by sending people to space. And since unmanned operations do not have any human guidance, the cost of designing them to ensure proper performance and sending the desired information back could be very high. Unmanned projects would necessitate a lot of checks to ensure the information collected is relayed back, because these projects cost billions.
Furthermore, the author states the recent sucesses of unmanned probes to show that these are better than manned programmes and uses them to support his claim, but such argument necessitates the comparison of information provided by manned and unmanned programmes, and then compare the cost and risks. It could be that the contribution of manned programmes could far exceeded the potential benefits from unmanned projects, and a cost benefit analysis results in manned project being better.
Finally, another assumption this argument relies on is that the risk of unmanned space flight is lower than space flight but such argument could be wrong, invalidating the emphasis on unmanned space flight. It is a ppoular opinion amongst several scientist that human presence on such mission could help minimise the chances of errors, owing to effective immediate solution of any problem rather than waiting for external aid to arrive in case of unmanned projects. Another point is that in case of such missions going wrong a human presence can minimise damages to life. to understand this lets take an example. A spacecraft is entering earths atmosphere after returning from a programme it could be that some problems occurs as it is entering the atmosphere, human presence on said mission could prevent the aircraft say from landing on USA and ensure its landing far away from human habitation.
The author here makes a good point, we do not have enough evidence to conclude that this is the best way to go. i.e. While it cannot be denied that human life is important, there should be a balance between both these type of flights, as both have their own advantages and disadvantages and a holistic cost-benefit analysis is required as human life is pretty important and such risk should necessitate commensurate benefits.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-08-23 | Krisha Lakhani | 58 | view |
| 2023-08-17 | riyarmy | 83 | view |
| 2023-08-11 | Anish Sapkota | 58 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | DCAD123 | 50 | view |
| 2023-07-30 | BusariMoruf | 55 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluation report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 13 15
No. of Words: 446 350
No. of Characters: 2285 1500
No. of Different Words: 217 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.596 4.7
Average Word Length: 5.123 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.641 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 181 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 133 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 93 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 44 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 34.308 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 14.999 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.385 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.387 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.661 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.184 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 13, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'authors'.
Suggestion: authors
...r can reach a conclusion. Firstly, he author assumes that the cost of manned space f...
^^^^^^
Line 9, column 114, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nmanned space flight is lower than space flight but such argument could be wrong,...
^^
Line 9, column 241, Rule ID: MANY_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun scientist seems to be countable; consider using: 'several scientists'.
Suggestion: several scientists
...flight. It is a ppoular opinion amongst several scientist that human presence on such mission cou...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 574, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: To
... presence can minimise damages to life. to understand this lets take an example. A...
^^
Line 9, column 900, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...landing far away from human habitation. The author here makes a good point, we d...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, firstly, furthermore, however, if, so, then, while, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 19.6327345309 122% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 16.0 12.9520958084 124% => OK
Conjunction : 17.0 11.1786427146 152% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 13.6137724551 95% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 28.8173652695 108% => OK
Preposition: 45.0 55.5748502994 81% => OK
Nominalization: 20.0 16.3942115768 122% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2339.0 2260.96107784 103% => OK
No of words: 446.0 441.139720559 101% => OK
Chars per words: 5.24439461883 5.12650576532 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.5955099915 4.56307096286 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.70468650376 2.78398813304 97% => OK
Unique words: 225.0 204.123752495 110% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.504484304933 0.468620217663 108% => OK
syllable_count: 729.0 705.55239521 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 4.96107784431 101% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.76447105788 68% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 2.70958083832 111% => OK
Conjunction: 6.0 1.67365269461 358% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 4.22255489022 47% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 19.7664670659 76% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 29.0 22.8473053892 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 81.4826498233 57.8364921388 141% => OK
Chars per sentence: 155.933333333 119.503703932 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 29.7333333333 23.324526521 127% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.33333333333 5.70786347227 93% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 5.25449101796 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 8.20758483034 110% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 6.88822355289 44% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.67664670659 64% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.267969911056 0.218282227539 123% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0982256039957 0.0743258471296 132% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0783576618843 0.0701772020484 112% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.162728025775 0.128457276422 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0634684206094 0.0628817314937 101% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.1 14.3799401198 126% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.04 48.3550499002 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 12.197005988 120% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.7 12.5979740519 109% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.15 8.32208582834 110% => OK
difficult_words: 115.0 98.500998004 117% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 12.3882235529 109% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.6 11.1389221557 122% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.9071856287 118% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83.33 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 5.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.